Uterus Anatomy : Overviews , Gross Anatomy......

I. Overviews
The anatomy of the uterus consists of the following 3 tissue layers :
  • The inner layer: called the endometrium, is the most active layer and responds to cyclic ovarian hormone changes; the endometrium is highly specialized and is essential to menstrual and reproductive function.
  • The middle layer: or myometrium, makes up most of the uterine volume and is the muscular layer, composed primarily of smooth muscle cells.
The outer layer of the uterus: the serosa or perimetrium, is a thin layer of tissue made of epithelial cells that envelop the uterus.
II. Gross Anatomy
The uterus is a pear-shaped organ located in the female pelvis between the urinary bladder anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly (see the image below). The average dimensions are approximately 8 cm long, 5 cm across, and 4 cm thick, with an average volume between 80 and 200 mL. The uterus is divided into 3 main parts: the fundus, body, and cervix.
Blood is provided to the uterus by the ovarian and uterine arteries, the latter of which arise from the anterior divisions of the internal iliac artery. The uterine artery occasionally gives off the vaginal artery (although this is usually a separate branch of the internal iliac around), which supplies the upper vagina, and the arcuate arteries, which surround the uterus. It then further branches into the radial arteries, which penetrate the myometrium to provide blood to all layers, including the endometrium (see the following image).
III. Natural Variants
The uterus can be in various positions within the pelvis (see the image below). An anteverted uterus, which is normal, is tipped forward, whereas a retroverted uterus is tipped backward.
The uterine position can also be described based on the relative location of the fundus; that is, an anteflexed uterus, which is normal, is where the fundus tilts forward, and a retroflexed uterus is tilted backward.




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